Stress-regulation systems involve the brain (amygdala, prefrontal cortex), autonomic nervous system (sympathetic for “fight-or-flight,” parasympathetic for “rest-and-digest”), and the HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal), working together to manage perceived threats, releasing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, and then returning the body to balance through opposing actions and brain regulation.
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