Self-transcendence theory in practice – social care

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self-transcendence theory in practice – social care

The self-transcendence theory is a psychological framework that proposes that human beings have an innate tendency to seek meaning and purpose beyond themselves. It suggests that by transcending one’s self-interests and ego–boundaries, one can achieve a higher level of wellbeing, creativity and altruism. In this article, we will explore how self-transcendence theory can be applied to social care practice, especially in the context of working with vulnerable and marginalized populations. We will discuss the benefits and challenges of fostering self-transcendence among social care workers and service users, as well as some practical strategies and examples of how to do so. We will also examine the ethical implications and potential risks of promoting self-transcendence in social care settings. Furthermore, we aim to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of self-transcendence theory and its relevance for social care practice.

What is self-transcendence theory, and why is it relevant for social care?

The self-transcendence theory is a concept that describes how people cope with challenging life situations by expanding their sense of self and connecting with something greater than themselves. It is relevant for social care because it can help people find meaning and purpose in their lives, especially when they face illness, loss, or trauma. self-transcendence can enhance wellbeing, resilience, and quality of life for people who receive social care services. Nurses and other social care providers can facilitate self-transcendence by creating a supportive and respectful environment, encouraging positive relationships, and promoting activities that foster creativity, spirituality, and altruism.

How can self-transcendence theory help social care workers and clients achieve well-being and meaning in life?

self-transcendence theory is a psychological framework that proposes that human beings have an innate tendency to go beyond their current self and connect with something greater, such as nature, humanity, or spirituality. This theory can help social care workers and clients achieve wellbeing and meaning in life by providing them with a positive perspective, a sense of purpose, and a source of hope and resilience.

According to self-transcendence theory, social care workers can foster their own and their clients’ wellbeing and meaning in life by engaging in activities that promote self-transcendence, such as altruism, creativity, spirituality, mindfulness, and personal growth. These activities can help social care workers and clients cope with stress, trauma, loss, and suffering by enhancing their sense of coherence, connectedness, and transcendence. Moreover, self-transcendence theory can help social care workers and clients appreciate the value and dignity of each human being, regardless of their circumstances, and cultivate compassion and empathy for others.

self-transcendence theory is a useful tool for social care workers and clients who seek to achieve wellbeing and meaning in life in the face of adversity and uncertainty. By applying this theory to their practice and personal lives, social care workers and clients can transcend their limitations and challenges and discover new possibilities and potentials for themselves and others.

The definition and dimensions of self-transcendence

self-transcendence is a concept that refers to the overcoming of the limits of the individual self and its desires to achieve a higher level of awareness and connection with something greater than oneself. This can be seen as a personality trait that involves the expansion of personal boundaries, as well as a process of spiritual development that can lead to Self-actualization, the realization of one’s full potential.

self-transcendence has several dimensions that can be measured and studied. According to Cloninger’s theory of personality, self-transcendence consists of three sub-scales: self-forgetfulness, which is the ability to lose oneself in the present moment and become absorbed in a task or experience; transpersonal identification, which is the extent to which one feels connected to all living beings and nature; and mystical experience, which is the frequency and intensity of experiencing a sense of unity with a transcendent reality. Another dimension of self-transcendence is self-expansion, which is the degree to which one seeks to broaden one’s horizons and perspectives through learning, exploration, and relationships.

self-transcendence can have positive effects on one’s well-being, happiness, and meaning in life. Research has strongly suggested that self-transcendence is associated with lower levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and egoism, and higher levels of optimism, altruism, empathy, and creativity. self-transcendence can also foster a sense of awe, wonder, gratitude, and reverence for life. Furthermore, self-transcendence can enhance one’s sense of purpose and direction, as well as one’s ability to cope with adversity and find meaning in suffering. Additionally, self-transcendence can improve one’s emotional wellbeing by promoting greater self-acceptance and less reliance on external validation.

The importance of the theory of gerotranscendence for adult social care

The theory of gerotranscendence, developed by Lars Tornstam, proposes that ageing is not only a process of decline, but also a potential for spiritual growth and wisdom. According to this theory, older adults may experience a shift in perspective from a materialistic and rational view of the world to a more cosmic and transcendent one, which can increase their life satisfaction and wellbeing (Tornstam, 2011). This theory has implications and importance for adult social care, as it challenges the negative stereotypes of ageing and offers a positive and holistic approach to understanding and supporting older adults.

One implication of the theory of gerotranscendence is that it recognizes the diversity and individuality of older adults, as they may develop spiritually in different ways and at different paces. As Tornstam (2011) states, “the theory of gerotranscendence is a developmental theory in which not only ageing per se explains gerotranscendental changes, but also the particular nature of the individual life” (p. 167). Therefore, adult social care should respect and honour the unique experiences and needs of older adults, and avoid imposing a one-size-fits-all model of care.

Another implication of the theory of gerotranscendence is that it suggests that older adults may benefit from activities and interventions that foster their spiritual development and transcendence. For example, some older adults may find meaning and joy in meditation, prayer, nature, art, music, or volunteering. As Tornstam (2011) explains, “gerotranscendence implies an increased need for solitude and meditation; an increased interest in questions related to the meaning of life; an increased interest in one’s inner self; an increased feeling of affinity with past generations” (p. 168). Therefore, adult social care should provide opportunities and resources for older adults to engage in such activities and explore their spirituality.

The theory of gerotranscendence also has importance for adult social care, as it can help to improve the quality of life and wellbeing of older adults. Several studies have indicated that gerotranscendence is associated with higher levels of life satisfaction, happiness, optimism, self-esteem, and coping skills among older adults (Wadensten & Carlsson, 2003; Wang et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2019). Moreover, gerotranscendence can help older adults to cope with the challenges and losses that come with ageing, such as declining health, reduced mobility, social isolation, or bereavement. As Wang et al. (2016) note, “gerotranscendence may serve as a protective factor against negative emotions by enhancing positive emotions and reducing negative emotions among older adults” (p. 8). Therefore, adult social care should promote and support gerotranscendence as a way to enhance the mental health and well-being of older adults.

In conclusion, the theory of gerotranscendence offers a valuable perspective on ageing that emphasizes its positive and spiritual aspects. This theory has implications and importance for adult social care, as it can help to improve the understanding, respect, and support for older adults.

How the theory of gerotranscendence should be applied in adult social care

Gerotranscendence can be applied in adult social care by promoting activities and environments that foster the development of this mindset. For example, caregivers can encourage older adults to engage in meditation, contemplation, or prayer, which can help them connect with their inner self and a higher power.

Caregivers can also facilitate meaningful social interactions with peers who share similar values and experiences, which can enhance their sense of belonging and purpose. Furthermore, caregivers can respect and appreciate the wisdom and insights that older adults have to offer, and create opportunities for them to share their stories and reflections with others.

As Tornstam (2011) stated, “gerotranscendence is not about becoming passive or indifferent; it is about becoming more selective in one’s choices of activities” (p. 169). Therefore, adult social care should support older adults in pursuing their interests and passions, while also helping them cope with the challenges and losses that come with ageing.

The factors that influence self-transcendence development

self-transcendence can be developed in various ways, such as through intrapersonal, interpersonal, transpersonal, and temporal dimensions. In a social care environment, self-transcendence can be fostered by factors such as:

• Having a meaningful purpose or goal that aligns with one’s values and beliefs.
  
• Engaging in activities that promote self-awareness, reflection, and growth.
  
• Building supportive relationships with others who share similar visions and passions.
  
• Participating in social activism that addresses global issues and contributes to positive change.
  
• Exploring one’s spirituality and transcendental experiences.

These factors can help social care workers and clients to transcend their self-interests and limitations and experience a sense of fulfilment, belonging, and impact.

The benefits and challenges of self-transcendence for well-being and meaning in life

self-transcendence can have positive effects on well-being and meaning in life, especially in a social care environment where people face challenges such as illness, disability, or isolation. However, self-transcendence also poses some difficulties that need to be addressed.

Some of the benefits of self-transcendence are:

• It can enhance one’s sense of purpose and direction in life, by providing a broader perspective and a more profound understanding of one’s role and contribution to society. For example, a social worker may find meaning and fulfilment in helping others overcome their problems and achieve their goals.
• It can foster positive emotions such as gratitude, compassion, joy, and awe, by opening one’s heart and mind to the beauty and wonder of existence. For example, a hospice patient may feel grateful for the care and kindness they receive from their family and caregivers, and experience joy and awe in witnessing the miracles of nature and life.
• It can increase one’s resilience and coping skills, by helping one to accept and transcend the limitations and hardships of one’s condition, and to find meaning and growth in adversity. For example, a person with a disability may learn to appreciate their strengths and abilities, and discover new ways of expressing themselves and engaging with the world.
• It can improve one’s relationships with others, by promoting empathy, altruism, cooperation, and mutual support. For example, a volunteer may develop empathy and compassion for the people they serve, and feel a sense of belonging and connection with their fellow volunteers and the community.

Some of the challenges of self-transcendence are:

• It can create a conflict between one’s personal needs and goals, and the demands and expectations of the larger whole. This can lead to stress, guilt, or resentment if one feels that one is sacrificing too much or not receiving enough recognition or reward. For example, a nurse may feel overwhelmed by the workload and pressure of their job, and feel guilty or resentful for neglecting their own health or family.
• It can expose one to existential questions and doubts, such as the meaning of life and death, the nature of reality and truth, and the role of faith and spirituality. This can cause confusion, anxiety, or despair if one does not have a clear or coherent framework to guide one’s search for answers. For example, a bereaved person may question the purpose and value of their life after losing a loved one, and struggle with their beliefs and faith.
• It can make one vulnerable to manipulation or exploitation by others, who may use one’s self-transcendence for their own agenda or benefit. This can result in disillusionment, betrayal, or harm if one is not careful or discerning. For example, a cult member may be deceived by a charismatic leader who claims to have a higher vision or mission for them, but in reality exploits them for money or power.

Therefore, self-transcendence can be a valuable source of well-being and meaning in life for people in a social care environment, but it also requires awareness, balance, and wisdom to navigate its benefits and challenges.

How to assess the level and needs of self-transcendence in social care clients

Assessing the level and needs of self-transcendence in this population can be challenging, as there is no standardized measure or universal definition of this concept. In this article, we will discuss some possible ways to approach this task, based on the existing literature and our own experience.

self-transcendence scale

One way to assess the level of self-transcendence is to use a self-report questionnaire, such as the self-transcendence Scale (STS) developed by Reed (1986) or our own Extended self-transcendence Scale (ESTS). The STS scale consists of 15 items that measure the extent to which a person has a sense of connectedness, purpose, and expanded awareness. The STS has been validated in various settings and populations, including older adults, cancer patients, and hospice care recipients. However, some limitations of this method are that it relies on the client’s subjective perception and verbal ability, and it may not capture the dynamic and contextual nature of self-transcendence. Our own ESTS scale uses Reed’s 15 questions and adds five more, adding an interactive report to provide suggestions as to how to develop greater self-transcendence. (future development).

self-transcendence observation scale

Another way to assess the level of self-transcendence is to use a behavioural observation method, such as the self-transcendence Observation Scale (STOS) proposed by Coward and Reed (1996). This scale consists of 10 items that measure the frequency and intensity of behaviours that indicate self-transcendence, such as expressing gratitude, showing compassion, seeking meaning, and engaging in spiritual practices. The STOS can be completed by the client or by a caregiver or professional who knows the client well. The advantage of this method is that it provides an objective and concrete assessment of self-transcendence, but it may also be influenced by the observer’s bias and interpretation.

Narrative analysis method

A third way to assess the level of self-transcendence is to use a narrative analysis method, such as the Life Story Interview (LSI) developed by McAdams (1995). This method involves asking the client to tell their life story in a structured way, focusing on key events, themes, and meanings. The LSI can reveal how the client views themselves and their relationship with others and the world, and how they cope with challenges and changes. The LSI can also elicit the client’s values, goals, and aspirations, which can indicate their level of self-transcendence. The benefit of this method is that it allows for a rich and holistic understanding of the client’s personality and well-being, but it also requires a lot of time and skill to conduct and analyse.

To assess the needs of self-transcendence in social care clients, it is important to consider not only their current level of self-transcendence, but also their potential for growth and development. According to Reed (2008), self-transcendence can be fostered by providing opportunities for clients to explore their identity, express their creativity, connect with others and nature, reflect on their life meaning and purpose, and engage in spiritual practices that suit their beliefs and preferences. Therefore, assessing the needs of self-transcendence involves identifying the gaps and barriers that prevent clients from achieving these outcomes, as well as the resources and supports that can facilitate them.

In conclusion, assessing the level and needs of self-transcendence in social care clients is a complex and multifaceted task that requires a combination of methods and perspectives. By doing so, social care professionals can better understand and address the unique needs and strengths of each client, and help them achieve a higher level of well-being and quality of life.

How to foster self-transcendence in social care clients through interventions and activities

self-transcendence can enhance wellbeing, especially in vulnerable populations and at the end of life. Therefore, it is important for social care professionals to foster self-transcendence in their clients through interventions and activities that promote this process.

Some examples of interventions and activities that can foster self-transcendence in social care clients are:

• Encouraging clients to engage in intrapersonal activities that enhance their awareness of their beliefs, values, and dreams, such as journaling, meditation, or art therapy.
• Facilitating interpersonal connections between clients and their social and natural environments, such as family, friends, community groups, pets, or plants.
• Providing opportunities for clients to explore perspectives and practices that are oriented beyond the ordinary or readily observable, such as spirituality, religion, or philosophy.
• Helping clients to integrate their past and future perspectives into their present situation, such as through life review, reminiscence, or goal setting.

These interventions and activities can help clients to transcend their self-boundaries and experience a sense of meaning, purpose, and belonging in their lives. This can improve their well-being and quality of life in social care settings.

How to support self-transcendence in social care workers through supervision and training

One of the key factors that can foster self-transcendence is having a sense of belonging and relatedness to others who share similar values and goals. Supervisors can create a supportive and collaborative environment where social care workers can express their feelings, challenges, and achievements, and receive feedback and encouragement from their peers and mentors. Supervisors can also facilitate group discussions and reflections on topics such as personal values, ethical dilemmas, professional identity, and spirituality. These activities can help social care workers explore their own motivations and meanings behind their work, as well as appreciate the diversity and richness of their colleagues’ perspectives.

Another factor that can promote self-transcendence is engaging in activities that stimulate curiosity, creativity, and learning. Supervisors can provide opportunities for social care workers to expand their knowledge and skills through training courses, workshops, seminars, or online resources. Supervisors can also encourage social care workers to pursue their own interests and passions outside of work, such as hobbies, arts, sports, or volunteering. These activities can help social care workers discover new aspects of themselves and the world, as well as develop a sense of awe and wonder.

A third factor that can enhance self-transcendence is practising mindfulness and meditation. Supervisors can introduce social care workers to various techniques and exercises that can help them cultivate awareness, attention, and acceptance of their present moment experience. Supervisors can also model mindfulness and meditation in their own behaviour and communication, such as being attentive, empathic, respectful, and non-judgmental. These practices can help social care workers reduce stress, anxiety, and negative emotions, as well as increase compassion, gratitude, and joy.

In conclusion, self-transcendence is a valuable quality that can benefit both social care workers and their clients. Supervisors can play an important role in supporting self-transcendence in social care workers through supervision and training. By creating a sense of belonging, stimulating curiosity and learning, and practising mindfulness and meditation, supervisors can help social care workers go beyond their ego and connect with a larger purpose and meaning in their work.

A discussion of the limitations and future directions of self-transcendence theory in social care

self-transcendence theory is a holistic framework that explains how people cope with chronic illness and ageing by expanding their boundaries of self and finding new sources of meaning and purpose in life. It has been applied to various fields of social care, such as palliative care, gerontology, and mental health. However, the theory also has some limitations and challenges that need to be addressed in future research and practice.

Some of the limitations of self-transcendence theory are:

• The concept of self-transcendence is not clearly defined and operationalized, and there is a lack of consensus on how to measure it reliably and validly.
• The mechanisms and processes of self-transcendence are not well understood, and there is a need for more empirical evidence on how self-transcendence influences health outcomes and quality of life.
• The theory does not account for the diversity and complexity of human experiences and contexts, and there is a risk of oversimplifying or idealizing self-transcendence as a universal or normative goal.
• The theory does not address the ethical and practical implications of promoting self-transcendence in social care settings, such as the potential conflicts between individual and collective values, rights, and interests.

Some of the future directions of self-transcendence theory are:

• To develop a clear and comprehensive definition and conceptualization of self-transcendence that captures its multidimensional and dynamic nature.
• Design and test valid and reliable instruments to assess self-transcendence and its related constructs in different populations and settings.
• Conduct more longitudinal and experimental studies to examine the causal relationships between self-transcendence and health outcomes and quality of life, as well as the mediating and moderating factors that influence these relationships.
• Explore the diversity and variability of self-transcendence experiences across different cultures, contexts, and life stages, and to identify the facilitators and barriers of self-transcendence in different situations.
• Evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of interventions that aim to enhance self-transcendence in social care settings, and to address the ethical and practical issues that may arise from such interventions.

A call for action and reflection on how to apply self-transcendence theory in social care practice

self-transcendence theory has been applied to various fields of health and social care, such as palliative care, gerontology, mental health, and spirituality. However, there is still a need for more research and practice on how to implement self-transcendence theory in social care settings, especially in the context of complex and diverse needs of service users and carers.

This article suggests some practical strategies and examples of how social care practitioners can facilitate self-transcendence among service users and carers, as well as themselves. It also highlights some of the challenges and ethical issues that may arise in the process of applying self-transcendence theory, and how to address them with sensitivity and respect. Finally, it invites social care practitioners to engage in continuous learning and development, as well as personal and professional growth, through the lens of self-transcendence theory.

Further reading

If you are interested in learning more about the application of self-transcendence theory in social care, here are some weblinks for further reading:

References

Tornstam, L. (2011). Maturing into gerotranscendence. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 43(2), 166-180.

Wadensten, B., & Carlsson, M. (2003). Theory-driven guidelines for practical care of older adults based on the theory of gerotranscendence. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(5), 461-470.

Wang J.J., Zhang W., Sun Y., & Lee T.J. (2016). The relationship between gerotranscendence and life satisfaction among elderly Chinese people: The mediating role of resilience. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 83(1), 3-18.

Yang Y., Li W., & Li S. (2019). Gerotranscendence: A predictor for subjective well-being among community-dwelling older adults in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 5077.